Saturday, May 24, 2008
Friday, May 23, 2008
BRAHMA MANTRA
Constituting the trinity of Hindu gods is Lord Brahma, the creator of the Universe. He is the generator of life on earth, a role which he performed by creating eleven 'Prajapatis' for fathering human race. As the lord commanding supreme knowledge, his four faces represent the 'gyan' (knowledge) of the four Vedas which he continuously recites. The creator lord is especially popular amongst intellectual people, students, scholars, educationists for his extensive hold over knowledge and intellect. Given below is the Sanskrit mantra dedicated to lord Brahma with its meaning.
Om namo rajo jushei sristau
Sthithou sattwa mayayacha
Tamo mayaya sam-harinei
Vishwarupayavedhasei
Om brahmanyei namaha
Lord Brahma is 'Om' who created this Universe and to him we pay are salutations. The creation of the cosmic world was achieved by him with the help of three 'gunas' or qualities. The three qualities of nature are the positive, negative and inert qualities. It is Brahma who created all the forms present in this world and to this supreme god I bow down.
Om namo rajo jushei sristau
Sthithou sattwa mayayacha
Tamo mayaya sam-harinei
Vishwarupayavedhasei
Om brahmanyei namaha
Lord Brahma is 'Om' who created this Universe and to him we pay are salutations. The creation of the cosmic world was achieved by him with the help of three 'gunas' or qualities. The three qualities of nature are the positive, negative and inert qualities. It is Brahma who created all the forms present in this world and to this supreme god I bow down.
TRIBUTE TO THE GREATEST LEADER OF MODERN INDIA-RAJIV GANDHI
Rajiv Gandhi राजीव गाधीं (IPA: [raːdʒiːv gaːnd̪ʰiː]), born in Bombay, (August 20, 1944 – May 21, 1991), the elder son of Indira and Feroze Gandhi, was the 7th Prime Minister of India (and the 3rd from the Nehru-Gandhi family) from his mother's death on 31 October 1984 until his resignation on December 2, 1989 following a general election defeat. He was the youngest Prime Minister of India (at the age of 40).
Rajiv Gandhi was a professional pilot for Indian Airlines (now Air India) before entering politics. While at Cambridge, he met Italian-born Sonia Maino who he later married. He remained aloof from politics despite his mother being the Indian Prime Minister, and it was only following the death of his younger brother Sanjay Gandhi in 1980 that Rajiv entered politics. After the assassination of his mother in 1984 after Operation Blue Star, Indian National Congress party leaders elected him Prime Minister.
Rajiv Gandhi led the Congress to a major election victory in 1984 soon after, amassing the largest majority ever in Indian Parliament. The Congress party won 411 seats out of 542. He began dismantling the License Raj - government quotas, tariffs and permit regulations on economic activity - modernized the telecommunications industry, the education system, expanded science and technology initiatives and improved relations with the United States. He also was responsible for sending Indian troops (Indian Peace Keeping Force or IPKF) for peace efforts in Sri Lanka, which soon ended in open conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). In mid-1987, the Bofors scandal broke his honest, corruption-free image and resulted in a major defeat for his party in the 1989 elections.
Rajiv Gandhi remained Congress President till the elections in 1991. While campaigning, he was assassinated by a female LTTE suicide bomber Thenmuli Rajaratnam. His widow Sonia Gandhi became the leader of the Congress party in 1998, and led the party to victory in the 2004 elections. His son Rahul Gandhi is a Member of Parliament.
Rajiv Gandhi was posthomously awarded the Highest National Award of India, Bharat Ratna, joining a list of 40 luminaries, including Mrs. Indira Gandhi.
As a religious leader, he (like his mother and other family elders) "served as Acharya" of his family Gurudev's (Rabindranath Tagore) Adi Dharm Ashram (and Brahmo Mandir) in Viswa-Bharati at Shantiniketan (West Bengal) for about 5 years.[1]
Contents [hide]
1 Early life
1.1 Education
2 Entry into politics
3 Prime Minister
3.1 Bofors scandal
3.2 Sri Lanka policy
3.3 Shah Bano case
3.4 Assassination
4 References
5 External links
5.1 Further reading
[edit] Early life
Rajiv Gandhi was born into India's most famous political family. His grandfather was the Indian independence leader Jawaharlal Nehru, who would later become India's first Prime Minister after independence. He is not related to Mahatma Gandhi despite his name. The Gandhi surname was acquired by Indira Nehru after marrying Feroze Gandhi. Rajiv and his younger brother Sanjay were raised in Allahabad and Delhi with their mother. His parents were reconciled in 1958 in Kashmir but his father, Feroze Gandhi died from a heart attack in 1960.
[edit] Education
Rajiv was educated at two highly exclusive private boarding schools for boys: at the Welham Boys' School and The Doon School, and he later attended university in the United Kingdom, at Imperial College London and Trinity College, University of Cambridge. At Cambridge, he met and fell in love with an Italian student Sonia Maino, who was there to learn English. Maino's family opposed the match, but Maino came to India with Rajiv and they were married in 1968.
Rajiv began working for Indian Airlines as a professional pilot while his mother became Prime Minister in 1966. He exhibited no interest in politics and did not live regularly with his mother in Delhi at the Prime Minister's residence. In 1970, his wife, Sonia gave birth to Rahul, their first child, and in 1972, to Priyanka, their second. Even as Gandhi remained aloof in politics, his younger brother Sanjay became a close advisor to their mother.
[edit] Entry into politics
It was following his younger brother's death in 1980 that Rajiv was pressured by Indian National Congress party politicians and his mother to enter politics. Rajiv and his wife were both opposed to the idea, and Rajiv even publicly stated that he would not contest for his brother's seat, but he finally accepted his mother's urging and announced his candidacy for Parliament[citation needed]. His entry was criticized by many in the press, public and opposition political parties, who saw the role of Nehru's dynasty intensifying in Indian politics[citation needed].
Elected for Sanjay's Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituency of Amethi in Uttar Pradesh state in February 1981, Rajiv became an important political advisor to his mother. It was widely perceived that Indira Gandhi was grooming Rajiv for the prime minister's job, and Rajiv soon became the president of the Youth Congress - the Congress party's youth wing.
[edit] Prime Minister
Rajiv was in West Bengal when Indira Gandhi was assassinated on October 31, 1984. Top Congress leaders, as well as President Zail Singh pressed Rajiv to become India's Prime Minister, within hours of his mother's assassination by two of her Sikh bodyguards. He has been accused of taking anti-Sikh stand and not doing enough, in his capacity as the country's Prime Minister, to stop the anti-Sikh riots which ensued, killing more than 3,000 Sikhs [2]. Commenting on the violence in national capital Delhi, Rajiv Gandhi said, "' When a giant tree falls, the earth below shakes" [3]; a statement for which he was widely criticised. Many Congress politicians were accused of orchestrating the violence [4]. Soon after assuming office, Rajiv asked President Zail Singh to dissolve Parliament and hold fresh elections, as Lokh Sabha completed its five year term. Rajiv Gandhi also officially became the President of the Congress party.
Owing largely to the feelings of sympathy in wake of Indira's murder, the Congress party won a landslide victory - with largest majority in history of Indian Parliament[5], giving Rajiv absolute control of government. Rajiv Gandhi also benefited from his youth and a general perception of being Mr. Clean, or free of a background in corrupt politics [6]. Rajiv thus revived hopes and enthusiasm amongst the Indian public for the Congress.
Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi began leading in a direction significantly different from Indira Gandhi's socialism. He improved bilateral relations with the United States - long strained owing to Indira's socialism and close friendship with the USSR - and expanded economic and scientific cooperation[citation needed]. He increased government support for science and technology and associated industries, and reduced import quotas, taxes and tariffs on technology-based industries, especially computers, airlines, defence and telecommunications. He introduced measures significantly reducing the License Raj - allowing businesses and individuals to purchase capital, consumer goods and import without red-tape and bureaucratic restrictions. In 1986, Rajiv announced a national education policy to modernize and expand higher education programs across India. Rajiv Gandhi was the founder of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya System in the year 1986. Rajiv Gandhi can be called the father of telecom revolution. His efforts created MTNL in 1986 and the public call offices, better known as PCOs, helped spread telephones in the rural areas. The work that he did then laid the foundation for a telecom boom in 1990s.
Rajiv authorized an extensive police and Army campaign to contain terrorism in Punjab. A state of martial law existed in the Punjab state, and civil liberties, commerce and tourism were greatly disrupted[citation needed]. There are many accusations of human rights violations by police officials as well as by the militants during this period. It is alleged that even as the situation in Punjab came under control, the Indian government was offering arms and training to the LTTE rebels fighting the Government of Sri Lanka. The Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord was signed by Rajiv Gandhi and the Sri Lankan President J.R.Jayewardene, in Colombo on July 29, 1987. The very next day, on July 30, 1987, Rajiv Gandhi was assaulted by a Sinhalese naval cadet named Vijayamunige Rohana de Silva, while receiving honour guard. Though the embarrassed Sri Lankan President J.R. Jayewardene initially attempted to pass off the bizarre assault as "Rajiv tripped a little and slightly lost his balance", Rajiv Gandhi while enroute to New Delhi asserted to J.N. Dixit who was in charge of arranging that disastrous visit, "What is all this nonsensical speculation. Of course, I was hit." Rajiv's government suffered a major setback when its efforts to arbitrate between the Government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE rebels backfired[citation needed].
[edit] Bofors scandal
Rajiv with President R. Venkataraman and Tamil Nadu Chief minister M. G. Ramachandran at the unvieling of a statue of Tamil poet Subramania BarathiMain article: Bofors scandal
Rajiv's finance minister, Vishwanath Pratap Singh uncovered compromising details about government and political corruption, to the consternation of Congress leaders. Transferred to the Defence ministry, Singh uncovered what became known as the Bofors scandal, involving tens of millions of dollars - concerned alleged payoffs by the Swedish Bofors arms company through an Italian businessman and Gandhi family associate, Ottavio Quattrocchi, in return for Indian contracts. Upon the uncovering of the scandal, Singh was conspicuously dismissed from office, and later from Congress membership. Rajiv Gandhi himself was later personally implicated in the scandal, when the investigation was continued by Narasimhan Ram and Chitra Subramaniam of The Hindu newspaper, shattering his image as an honest politician, however, he was cleared over this allegation in 2004 [7]
V. P. Singh's image as an exposer of government corruption made him very popular with the public[citation needed], and opposition parties united under his name to form the Janata Dal coalition. In the 1989 elections, the Congress suffered a major setback. With the support of Indian communists and the Bharatiya Janata Party, V. P. Singh and his Janata Dal formed a government. Rajiv Gandhi became the Leader of the Opposition, while remaining Congress president. While some believe that Rajiv and Congress leaders influenced the collapse of V. P. Singh's government in October 1990 by promising support to Chandra Shekhar, a high-ranking leader in the Janata Dal, sufficient internal contradictions existed, within the ruling coalition, especially over the controversial reservation issue, to cause a fall of government. Rajiv's Congress offered outside support briefly to Chandra Sekhar, who became Prime Minister. But this support was withdrawn in 1991 and fresh elections were announced.
[edit] Sri Lanka policy
The Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord signed was opposed by the then Sri Lankan Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa and was forced to accept it due to pressure from then President Junius Richard Jayewardene. In January 1989 Premadasa was elected President and on a platform that promised that the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) leave within three months.[8]In the 1989 elections both the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and United National Party wanted the IPKF to withdraw and they got 95% of the vote.
The police action was unpopular in India as well, especially in Tamil Nadu as India was fighting the LTTE Tamil separatists.
Rajiv Gandhi refused to withdraw the IPKF, believing that the only way he could succeed in ending the civil war was to politically force Premadasa and militarily force the LTTE to accept the accord. Meanwhile in December 1989 Indian elections V.P.Singh became the Prime Minister and completed the pullout. The IPKF operation cost over 1100 Indian soldiers lives and cost over 2000 crores.
[edit] Shah Bano case
Main article: Shah Bano case
In 1985, Supreme Court of India gave a judgement in favour of a Muslim divorcee Shah Bano that her husband should give alimony to her. Muslim fundamentalists in India treated it as an encroachment in Muslim Personal Law and protested against it. Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi, agreed to their demands and cited the gesture as an example of "secularism". In 1986, the Congress (I) party, which had an absolute majority in Parliament at the time, passed an act that nullified the Supreme Court's judgement in the Shah Bano case. The Shah Bano case generated tremendous heat in India. It proved that fundamentalist minorities can exert pressure on government and judicial decisions. The mainstream media disapproved of the decision. The opposition reacted strongly against the Congress party's policies (which, according to BJP, reflect "Pseudo-secularism".)
The case has led to Muslim women receiving a large, one-time payment from their husbands during the period of iddat, instead of a maximum monthly payment of 500 Rs (around 10 US dollars per month) - an upper limit which has since been removed. Cases of women getting lump sum payments for lifetime maintenance are becoming common.
[edit] Assassination
The stone mosaic that stands at the exact location where Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in SriperumbudurMain article: Rajiv Gandhi assassination
Rajiv Gandhi's last public meeting was at Sriperumbudur on May 21, 1991, in a village approximately 30-miles from Madras, Tamil Nadu, where he was assassinated while campaigning for the Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha Congress candidate.[9] The assassination was carried out by the LTTE suicide bomber Thenmuli Rajaratnam also known as Gayatri and Dhanu.
At 10:10 p.m., the assassin Dhanu approached him in a public meeting and greeted the former Prime Minister. She then bent down to touch his feet (an expression of respect among Hindus) and detonated a belt laden with 700 grams of RDX explosive tucked below her dress.[10] The former Prime Minister along with many others were killed in the explosion that followed. The assassination was caught on film through the lens of a local photographer, whose camera and film were found at the site. The cameraman himself also died in the blast but the camera remained intact.
The Rajiv Gandhi Memorial was built at the site recently and is one of the major tourist attractions to the small industrial town.
The Rajiv Gandhi Memorial at Sriperumbudur.As per the Supreme Court judgement, by Judge Thomas, the killing was carried out due to personal animosity of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) chief Prabhakaran towards Mr Rajiv Gandhi arising out of his sending the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to Sri Lanka and the alleged IPKF atrocities against Srilankan Tamils. The judgement further cites the death of Thileepan in a hunger strike and the suicide by 12 LTTE cadres in a vessel in Oct 1987.
In the Jain Commission report, various people and agencies are named as suspected of having been involved in the murder of Rajiv Gandhi. Among them, the cleric Chandraswami was suspected of involvement, including financing the assassination.[11][12] [13] The interim report of the Jain Commission created a storm when it accused Karunanidhi of a role in the assassination, leading to Congress withdrawing its support for the I. K. Gujral government and fresh elections in 1998. LTTE spokesman Anton Balasingham told the Indian television channel NDTV that the killing was a "great tragedy, a monumental historical tragedy which we deeply regret." [14][15] A memorial christened Veer Bhumi was constructed at his cremation spot.
[edit] References
^ statement of Prof (Dr.) Sumanta Niyogi, former of Head of the Dept. of History Patna University, Patna. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/brahmoconference/message/545
^ BBC NEWS | World | South Asia | Indian minister quits over riots
^ http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1504/15040190.htm
^ BBC NEWS | World | South Asia | Leaders 'incited' anti-Sikh riots
^ BBC ON THIS DAY | 29 | 1984: Rajiv Gandhi wins landslide election victory
^ BBC ON THIS DAY | 29 | 1984: Rajiv Gandhi wins landslide election victory
^ Rajiv Gandhi cleared over bribery
^ Sri Lanka Truth
^ Rediff On The NeT: Sonia checks her emotions, but her interpreter goes full throttle
^ The Nation: Terrorism: The RDX Files
^ outlookindia.com
^ Probe Chandraswami's role in Rajiv case - Jain report
^ http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec112004/i2.asp.
^ We deeply regret Rajiv's death: LTTE
^ BBC NEWS | South Asia | Tamil Tiger 'regret' over Gandhi
[edit] External links
http://www.pressbrief.in
Supreme Court Judgement by Judge Thomas
Supreme Court Judgement by Judge Quadari
Supreme Court Judgement by Judge Wadhwa
TERRORIST AND DISRUPTIVE ACTIVITIES (PREVENTION) ACT, 1987
Denial of fair trial leads to Death Sentences
[edit] Further reading
Sachi Sri Kantha; Pirabhakaran Phenomenon, Lively Comet Imprint,2005;641 pp (chapters 24 to 35, pp.207-352, cover in detail the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi)
"Working with Rajiv Gandhi" by R.D. Pradhan
Mani Shankar Aiyar "Remembering Rajiv", Rupa, New Delhi, 1992
Preceded by
Indira Gandhi Prime Minister of India
1984–1989 Succeeded by
V P Singh
Preceded by
Narayan Dutt Tiwari Minister for External Affairs of India
1987–1988 Succeeded by
P. V. Narasimha Rao
[show]v • d • e Prime Ministers of India
Jawaharlal Nehru · Gulzarilal Nanda · Lal Bahadur Shastri · Indira Gandhi · Morarji Desai · Choudhary Charan Singh · Rajiv Gandhi · Vishwanath Pratap Singh · Chandra Shekhar · P. V. Narasimha Rao · Atal Bihari Vajpayee · H. D. Deve Gowda · Inder Kumar Gujral · Dr. Manmohan Singh
[show]v • d • ePresidents of the Indian National Congress
Bonnerjee · Naoroji · Taiyabji · Yule · Wedderburn · Mehta · Charlappa · Bonnerjee · Dadabhai Naoroji · Webb · Banerjea · Sayani · Nair · A. M. Bose · Dutt · Chandavarkar · Wacha · Banerjea · L. Ghosh · H. Cotton · Gokhale · Naoroji · R. Ghosh · (1907-1908) Malaviya · Wedderburn · Dar · Mudholkar · Bahadur · B. N. Bose · Sinha · Mazumdar · Besant · Malaviya · Imam · M. Nehru · Rai · Ismail · Khan · Das · M. Ali · A. K. Azad · M. Gandhi · Naidu · Iyengar · Ansari · M. Nehru · J. Nehru · S. V. Patel · Malaviya (1932-1933) · Nellie Sengupta · Rajendra Prasad · J. Nehru (1936-1937) · S. C. Bose · (1938-1939) · A. K. Azad (1940-1946) · Kripalani · Sitaramayya (1948-1949) · Tandon · J. Nehru (1951-1954) · Dhebar (1955-1959) · I. Gandhi · Reddy (1960-1963) · K. Kamaraj (1964-1967) · S. Nijalingappa (1968-1969) · J. Ram (1970-1971) · D. Sharma (1972-1974) · Baruah (1975-1977) · I. Gandhi (1978-1984) · R. Gandhi (1985-1991) · Narashimha Rao (1992-1996) · Kesri (1996-1998) · S. Gandhi (1998-present)
Persondata
NAME Gandhi, Rajiv Ratna
ALTERNATIVE NAMES गान्धी, राजीव
SHORT DESCRIPTION Prime Minister of India
DATE OF BIRTH August 20, 1944
PLACE OF BIRTH Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
DATE OF DEATH May 21, 1991
PLACE OF DEATH Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu, India
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi"
Categories: Presidents of the Indian National Congress | Prime Ministers of India | Assassinated Indian politicians | Nehru-Gandhi family | Terrorism victims | Dosco | Indira Gandhi Peace Prize recipients | Bharat Ratna recipients | Alumni of Imperial College London | Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge | Amateur radio people | Terrorist attacks attributed to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam | Terrorist incidents in 1991 | Suicide bombing | Deaths by improvised explosive device | Parsis | 1944 births | 1991 deaths | People from Sultanpur | 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots
Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since May 2007
Rajiv Gandhi was a professional pilot for Indian Airlines (now Air India) before entering politics. While at Cambridge, he met Italian-born Sonia Maino who he later married. He remained aloof from politics despite his mother being the Indian Prime Minister, and it was only following the death of his younger brother Sanjay Gandhi in 1980 that Rajiv entered politics. After the assassination of his mother in 1984 after Operation Blue Star, Indian National Congress party leaders elected him Prime Minister.
Rajiv Gandhi led the Congress to a major election victory in 1984 soon after, amassing the largest majority ever in Indian Parliament. The Congress party won 411 seats out of 542. He began dismantling the License Raj - government quotas, tariffs and permit regulations on economic activity - modernized the telecommunications industry, the education system, expanded science and technology initiatives and improved relations with the United States. He also was responsible for sending Indian troops (Indian Peace Keeping Force or IPKF) for peace efforts in Sri Lanka, which soon ended in open conflict with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). In mid-1987, the Bofors scandal broke his honest, corruption-free image and resulted in a major defeat for his party in the 1989 elections.
Rajiv Gandhi remained Congress President till the elections in 1991. While campaigning, he was assassinated by a female LTTE suicide bomber Thenmuli Rajaratnam. His widow Sonia Gandhi became the leader of the Congress party in 1998, and led the party to victory in the 2004 elections. His son Rahul Gandhi is a Member of Parliament.
Rajiv Gandhi was posthomously awarded the Highest National Award of India, Bharat Ratna, joining a list of 40 luminaries, including Mrs. Indira Gandhi.
As a religious leader, he (like his mother and other family elders) "served as Acharya" of his family Gurudev's (Rabindranath Tagore) Adi Dharm Ashram (and Brahmo Mandir) in Viswa-Bharati at Shantiniketan (West Bengal) for about 5 years.[1]
Contents [hide]
1 Early life
1.1 Education
2 Entry into politics
3 Prime Minister
3.1 Bofors scandal
3.2 Sri Lanka policy
3.3 Shah Bano case
3.4 Assassination
4 References
5 External links
5.1 Further reading
[edit] Early life
Rajiv Gandhi was born into India's most famous political family. His grandfather was the Indian independence leader Jawaharlal Nehru, who would later become India's first Prime Minister after independence. He is not related to Mahatma Gandhi despite his name. The Gandhi surname was acquired by Indira Nehru after marrying Feroze Gandhi. Rajiv and his younger brother Sanjay were raised in Allahabad and Delhi with their mother. His parents were reconciled in 1958 in Kashmir but his father, Feroze Gandhi died from a heart attack in 1960.
[edit] Education
Rajiv was educated at two highly exclusive private boarding schools for boys: at the Welham Boys' School and The Doon School, and he later attended university in the United Kingdom, at Imperial College London and Trinity College, University of Cambridge. At Cambridge, he met and fell in love with an Italian student Sonia Maino, who was there to learn English. Maino's family opposed the match, but Maino came to India with Rajiv and they were married in 1968.
Rajiv began working for Indian Airlines as a professional pilot while his mother became Prime Minister in 1966. He exhibited no interest in politics and did not live regularly with his mother in Delhi at the Prime Minister's residence. In 1970, his wife, Sonia gave birth to Rahul, their first child, and in 1972, to Priyanka, their second. Even as Gandhi remained aloof in politics, his younger brother Sanjay became a close advisor to their mother.
[edit] Entry into politics
It was following his younger brother's death in 1980 that Rajiv was pressured by Indian National Congress party politicians and his mother to enter politics. Rajiv and his wife were both opposed to the idea, and Rajiv even publicly stated that he would not contest for his brother's seat, but he finally accepted his mother's urging and announced his candidacy for Parliament[citation needed]. His entry was criticized by many in the press, public and opposition political parties, who saw the role of Nehru's dynasty intensifying in Indian politics[citation needed].
Elected for Sanjay's Lok Sabha (parliamentary) constituency of Amethi in Uttar Pradesh state in February 1981, Rajiv became an important political advisor to his mother. It was widely perceived that Indira Gandhi was grooming Rajiv for the prime minister's job, and Rajiv soon became the president of the Youth Congress - the Congress party's youth wing.
[edit] Prime Minister
Rajiv was in West Bengal when Indira Gandhi was assassinated on October 31, 1984. Top Congress leaders, as well as President Zail Singh pressed Rajiv to become India's Prime Minister, within hours of his mother's assassination by two of her Sikh bodyguards. He has been accused of taking anti-Sikh stand and not doing enough, in his capacity as the country's Prime Minister, to stop the anti-Sikh riots which ensued, killing more than 3,000 Sikhs [2]. Commenting on the violence in national capital Delhi, Rajiv Gandhi said, "' When a giant tree falls, the earth below shakes" [3]; a statement for which he was widely criticised. Many Congress politicians were accused of orchestrating the violence [4]. Soon after assuming office, Rajiv asked President Zail Singh to dissolve Parliament and hold fresh elections, as Lokh Sabha completed its five year term. Rajiv Gandhi also officially became the President of the Congress party.
Owing largely to the feelings of sympathy in wake of Indira's murder, the Congress party won a landslide victory - with largest majority in history of Indian Parliament[5], giving Rajiv absolute control of government. Rajiv Gandhi also benefited from his youth and a general perception of being Mr. Clean, or free of a background in corrupt politics [6]. Rajiv thus revived hopes and enthusiasm amongst the Indian public for the Congress.
Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi began leading in a direction significantly different from Indira Gandhi's socialism. He improved bilateral relations with the United States - long strained owing to Indira's socialism and close friendship with the USSR - and expanded economic and scientific cooperation[citation needed]. He increased government support for science and technology and associated industries, and reduced import quotas, taxes and tariffs on technology-based industries, especially computers, airlines, defence and telecommunications. He introduced measures significantly reducing the License Raj - allowing businesses and individuals to purchase capital, consumer goods and import without red-tape and bureaucratic restrictions. In 1986, Rajiv announced a national education policy to modernize and expand higher education programs across India. Rajiv Gandhi was the founder of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya System in the year 1986. Rajiv Gandhi can be called the father of telecom revolution. His efforts created MTNL in 1986 and the public call offices, better known as PCOs, helped spread telephones in the rural areas. The work that he did then laid the foundation for a telecom boom in 1990s.
Rajiv authorized an extensive police and Army campaign to contain terrorism in Punjab. A state of martial law existed in the Punjab state, and civil liberties, commerce and tourism were greatly disrupted[citation needed]. There are many accusations of human rights violations by police officials as well as by the militants during this period. It is alleged that even as the situation in Punjab came under control, the Indian government was offering arms and training to the LTTE rebels fighting the Government of Sri Lanka. The Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord was signed by Rajiv Gandhi and the Sri Lankan President J.R.Jayewardene, in Colombo on July 29, 1987. The very next day, on July 30, 1987, Rajiv Gandhi was assaulted by a Sinhalese naval cadet named Vijayamunige Rohana de Silva, while receiving honour guard. Though the embarrassed Sri Lankan President J.R. Jayewardene initially attempted to pass off the bizarre assault as "Rajiv tripped a little and slightly lost his balance", Rajiv Gandhi while enroute to New Delhi asserted to J.N. Dixit who was in charge of arranging that disastrous visit, "What is all this nonsensical speculation. Of course, I was hit." Rajiv's government suffered a major setback when its efforts to arbitrate between the Government of Sri Lanka and the LTTE rebels backfired[citation needed].
[edit] Bofors scandal
Rajiv with President R. Venkataraman and Tamil Nadu Chief minister M. G. Ramachandran at the unvieling of a statue of Tamil poet Subramania BarathiMain article: Bofors scandal
Rajiv's finance minister, Vishwanath Pratap Singh uncovered compromising details about government and political corruption, to the consternation of Congress leaders. Transferred to the Defence ministry, Singh uncovered what became known as the Bofors scandal, involving tens of millions of dollars - concerned alleged payoffs by the Swedish Bofors arms company through an Italian businessman and Gandhi family associate, Ottavio Quattrocchi, in return for Indian contracts. Upon the uncovering of the scandal, Singh was conspicuously dismissed from office, and later from Congress membership. Rajiv Gandhi himself was later personally implicated in the scandal, when the investigation was continued by Narasimhan Ram and Chitra Subramaniam of The Hindu newspaper, shattering his image as an honest politician, however, he was cleared over this allegation in 2004 [7]
V. P. Singh's image as an exposer of government corruption made him very popular with the public[citation needed], and opposition parties united under his name to form the Janata Dal coalition. In the 1989 elections, the Congress suffered a major setback. With the support of Indian communists and the Bharatiya Janata Party, V. P. Singh and his Janata Dal formed a government. Rajiv Gandhi became the Leader of the Opposition, while remaining Congress president. While some believe that Rajiv and Congress leaders influenced the collapse of V. P. Singh's government in October 1990 by promising support to Chandra Shekhar, a high-ranking leader in the Janata Dal, sufficient internal contradictions existed, within the ruling coalition, especially over the controversial reservation issue, to cause a fall of government. Rajiv's Congress offered outside support briefly to Chandra Sekhar, who became Prime Minister. But this support was withdrawn in 1991 and fresh elections were announced.
[edit] Sri Lanka policy
The Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord signed was opposed by the then Sri Lankan Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa and was forced to accept it due to pressure from then President Junius Richard Jayewardene. In January 1989 Premadasa was elected President and on a platform that promised that the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) leave within three months.[8]In the 1989 elections both the Sri Lanka Freedom Party and United National Party wanted the IPKF to withdraw and they got 95% of the vote.
The police action was unpopular in India as well, especially in Tamil Nadu as India was fighting the LTTE Tamil separatists.
Rajiv Gandhi refused to withdraw the IPKF, believing that the only way he could succeed in ending the civil war was to politically force Premadasa and militarily force the LTTE to accept the accord. Meanwhile in December 1989 Indian elections V.P.Singh became the Prime Minister and completed the pullout. The IPKF operation cost over 1100 Indian soldiers lives and cost over 2000 crores.
[edit] Shah Bano case
Main article: Shah Bano case
In 1985, Supreme Court of India gave a judgement in favour of a Muslim divorcee Shah Bano that her husband should give alimony to her. Muslim fundamentalists in India treated it as an encroachment in Muslim Personal Law and protested against it. Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi, agreed to their demands and cited the gesture as an example of "secularism". In 1986, the Congress (I) party, which had an absolute majority in Parliament at the time, passed an act that nullified the Supreme Court's judgement in the Shah Bano case. The Shah Bano case generated tremendous heat in India. It proved that fundamentalist minorities can exert pressure on government and judicial decisions. The mainstream media disapproved of the decision. The opposition reacted strongly against the Congress party's policies (which, according to BJP, reflect "Pseudo-secularism".)
The case has led to Muslim women receiving a large, one-time payment from their husbands during the period of iddat, instead of a maximum monthly payment of 500 Rs (around 10 US dollars per month) - an upper limit which has since been removed. Cases of women getting lump sum payments for lifetime maintenance are becoming common.
[edit] Assassination
The stone mosaic that stands at the exact location where Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in SriperumbudurMain article: Rajiv Gandhi assassination
Rajiv Gandhi's last public meeting was at Sriperumbudur on May 21, 1991, in a village approximately 30-miles from Madras, Tamil Nadu, where he was assassinated while campaigning for the Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha Congress candidate.[9] The assassination was carried out by the LTTE suicide bomber Thenmuli Rajaratnam also known as Gayatri and Dhanu.
At 10:10 p.m., the assassin Dhanu approached him in a public meeting and greeted the former Prime Minister. She then bent down to touch his feet (an expression of respect among Hindus) and detonated a belt laden with 700 grams of RDX explosive tucked below her dress.[10] The former Prime Minister along with many others were killed in the explosion that followed. The assassination was caught on film through the lens of a local photographer, whose camera and film were found at the site. The cameraman himself also died in the blast but the camera remained intact.
The Rajiv Gandhi Memorial was built at the site recently and is one of the major tourist attractions to the small industrial town.
The Rajiv Gandhi Memorial at Sriperumbudur.As per the Supreme Court judgement, by Judge Thomas, the killing was carried out due to personal animosity of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) chief Prabhakaran towards Mr Rajiv Gandhi arising out of his sending the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to Sri Lanka and the alleged IPKF atrocities against Srilankan Tamils. The judgement further cites the death of Thileepan in a hunger strike and the suicide by 12 LTTE cadres in a vessel in Oct 1987.
In the Jain Commission report, various people and agencies are named as suspected of having been involved in the murder of Rajiv Gandhi. Among them, the cleric Chandraswami was suspected of involvement, including financing the assassination.[11][12] [13] The interim report of the Jain Commission created a storm when it accused Karunanidhi of a role in the assassination, leading to Congress withdrawing its support for the I. K. Gujral government and fresh elections in 1998. LTTE spokesman Anton Balasingham told the Indian television channel NDTV that the killing was a "great tragedy, a monumental historical tragedy which we deeply regret." [14][15] A memorial christened Veer Bhumi was constructed at his cremation spot.
[edit] References
^ statement of Prof (Dr.) Sumanta Niyogi, former of Head of the Dept. of History Patna University, Patna. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/brahmoconference/message/545
^ BBC NEWS | World | South Asia | Indian minister quits over riots
^ http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1504/15040190.htm
^ BBC NEWS | World | South Asia | Leaders 'incited' anti-Sikh riots
^ BBC ON THIS DAY | 29 | 1984: Rajiv Gandhi wins landslide election victory
^ BBC ON THIS DAY | 29 | 1984: Rajiv Gandhi wins landslide election victory
^ Rajiv Gandhi cleared over bribery
^ Sri Lanka Truth
^ Rediff On The NeT: Sonia checks her emotions, but her interpreter goes full throttle
^ The Nation: Terrorism: The RDX Files
^ outlookindia.com
^ Probe Chandraswami's role in Rajiv case - Jain report
^ http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec112004/i2.asp.
^ We deeply regret Rajiv's death: LTTE
^ BBC NEWS | South Asia | Tamil Tiger 'regret' over Gandhi
[edit] External links
http://www.pressbrief.in
Supreme Court Judgement by Judge Thomas
Supreme Court Judgement by Judge Quadari
Supreme Court Judgement by Judge Wadhwa
TERRORIST AND DISRUPTIVE ACTIVITIES (PREVENTION) ACT, 1987
Denial of fair trial leads to Death Sentences
[edit] Further reading
Sachi Sri Kantha; Pirabhakaran Phenomenon, Lively Comet Imprint,2005;641 pp (chapters 24 to 35, pp.207-352, cover in detail the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi)
"Working with Rajiv Gandhi" by R.D. Pradhan
Mani Shankar Aiyar "Remembering Rajiv", Rupa, New Delhi, 1992
Preceded by
Indira Gandhi Prime Minister of India
1984–1989 Succeeded by
V P Singh
Preceded by
Narayan Dutt Tiwari Minister for External Affairs of India
1987–1988 Succeeded by
P. V. Narasimha Rao
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Persondata
NAME Gandhi, Rajiv Ratna
ALTERNATIVE NAMES गान्धी, राजीव
SHORT DESCRIPTION Prime Minister of India
DATE OF BIRTH August 20, 1944
PLACE OF BIRTH Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
DATE OF DEATH May 21, 1991
PLACE OF DEATH Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu, India
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi"
Categories: Presidents of the Indian National Congress | Prime Ministers of India | Assassinated Indian politicians | Nehru-Gandhi family | Terrorism victims | Dosco | Indira Gandhi Peace Prize recipients | Bharat Ratna recipients | Alumni of Imperial College London | Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge | Amateur radio people | Terrorist attacks attributed to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam | Terrorist incidents in 1991 | Suicide bombing | Deaths by improvised explosive device | Parsis | 1944 births | 1991 deaths | People from Sultanpur | 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots
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China earthquake death toll crosses 55,000
23 May 2008, 1101 hrs IST,PTI
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BEIJING: The death toll in the devastating earthquake in southwest China on Friday crossed 55,000 with nearly 25,000 people still missing, as Beijing, struggling to provide shelter to lakhs of survivors, braced for a new threat from the swelling "quake lakes" in the already battered region.
In the disaster zone on his second trip, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao said the focus of relief work has shifted from rescuing lives to rehabilitating the quake victims and local society.
"It will be a harder and long-term task," he said in Beichuan county, one of the worst-hit by the quake measuring 8 on Richter Scale.
Sichuan Vice Governor Li Chengyun said rescuing survivors still remained the top priority 11 days after the quake rocked the province, where 55,239 have been confirmed dead and 24,949 people were still missing.
He said the authorities had set a three-year goal to rebuilt the towns flattened by the quake in the worst hit Sinchuan province where alone the quake has left 281,066 people injured.
"Quake lakes" which were formed after landslides and mudflows blocked rivers continued to pose threat to several villages in the temblor-battered areas.
Of the 34 such lakes in Sichuan province, eight hold more than three million cubic metres of water, adding potential danger for the already quake-shattered people.
To compound matters, the Chinese National Meteorological Centre has forecast that rains might sweep the quake-hit south-west regions next week and further push up the water level in the lakes. Authorities are making efforts to evacuate people living downstream of the lakes, official Xinhua news agency said.
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Pakistan l UK l Rest of World l China l Gulf l USA l Europe l It's a Mad, Mad World
China earthquake death toll crosses 55,000
23 May 2008, 1101 hrs IST,PTI
Print EMail Discuss New Bookmark/ShareBookmark / Share
Del.icio.us Google Bookmarks
Facebook Yahoo MyWeb
StumbleUpon Reddit
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Save Write to Editor
BEIJING: The death toll in the devastating earthquake in southwest China on Friday crossed 55,000 with nearly 25,000 people still missing, as Beijing, struggling to provide shelter to lakhs of survivors, braced for a new threat from the swelling "quake lakes" in the already battered region.
In the disaster zone on his second trip, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao said the focus of relief work has shifted from rescuing lives to rehabilitating the quake victims and local society.
"It will be a harder and long-term task," he said in Beichuan county, one of the worst-hit by the quake measuring 8 on Richter Scale.
Sichuan Vice Governor Li Chengyun said rescuing survivors still remained the top priority 11 days after the quake rocked the province, where 55,239 have been confirmed dead and 24,949 people were still missing.
He said the authorities had set a three-year goal to rebuilt the towns flattened by the quake in the worst hit Sinchuan province where alone the quake has left 281,066 people injured.
"Quake lakes" which were formed after landslides and mudflows blocked rivers continued to pose threat to several villages in the temblor-battered areas.
Of the 34 such lakes in Sichuan province, eight hold more than three million cubic metres of water, adding potential danger for the already quake-shattered people.
To compound matters, the Chinese National Meteorological Centre has forecast that rains might sweep the quake-hit south-west regions next week and further push up the water level in the lakes. Authorities are making efforts to evacuate people living downstream of the lakes, official Xinhua news agency said.
TATAS NANO
NEW DELHI: Koito Manufacturing Co, the maker of headlamps for Lexus-brand cars, is designing lights specifically for ultra-low cost cars as it tries to win more business from India’s Tata Motors and Nissan Motor Co.
"Koito the world's biggest maker of headlamps, is in the final stages of creating a simpler light that uses half as many parts as its more expensive models," said President Masahiro Ohtake in an interview with Bloomberg Television. Koito and other auto parts makers are reengineering products to supply cars that will cost almost half as much as Suzuki Motor Corp.'s Maruti 800, the cheapest car currently on the Indian market.
Tata Motors will sell its $2,500 Nano later this year while Nissan plans to produce a car with the same price by 2011 for India and other emerging markets. "Koito has no choice but to push into this low-cost market as all the carmakers get into the business," said Kunihiro Matsumoto, a senior analyst at UBS Securities Japan Ltd. in Tokyo.
"Costs won't bump up with Koito using existing technology and cheaper labor.'' The company now supplies lights for Tata's trucks. "A low-cost car requires a headlamp design all its own," Ohtake said.
Cars at about $3,000 are "something that is being talked about on a global level and will become a big business." Koito is 20% owned by Toyota Motor Corp. Koito gained 4.4% to 1,414 yen at the close of trading on the Tokyo Stock Exchange.
Tata unveiled the Nano in January and will begin selling the model later this year.
The company may export the car after three years, Ratan Tata, the automaker's chairman, said in January. Nissan, France's Renault SA and India's Bajaj Auto said they will build a $2,500 car in India to go on sale in 2011.
"Koito the world's biggest maker of headlamps, is in the final stages of creating a simpler light that uses half as many parts as its more expensive models," said President Masahiro Ohtake in an interview with Bloomberg Television. Koito and other auto parts makers are reengineering products to supply cars that will cost almost half as much as Suzuki Motor Corp.'s Maruti 800, the cheapest car currently on the Indian market.
Tata Motors will sell its $2,500 Nano later this year while Nissan plans to produce a car with the same price by 2011 for India and other emerging markets. "Koito has no choice but to push into this low-cost market as all the carmakers get into the business," said Kunihiro Matsumoto, a senior analyst at UBS Securities Japan Ltd. in Tokyo.
"Costs won't bump up with Koito using existing technology and cheaper labor.'' The company now supplies lights for Tata's trucks. "A low-cost car requires a headlamp design all its own," Ohtake said.
Cars at about $3,000 are "something that is being talked about on a global level and will become a big business." Koito is 20% owned by Toyota Motor Corp. Koito gained 4.4% to 1,414 yen at the close of trading on the Tokyo Stock Exchange.
Tata unveiled the Nano in January and will begin selling the model later this year.
The company may export the car after three years, Ratan Tata, the automaker's chairman, said in January. Nissan, France's Renault SA and India's Bajaj Auto said they will build a $2,500 car in India to go on sale in 2011.
INDIAN INFLATION FOR THE PERIOD ENDED10TH MAY
NEW DELHI: Inflation remained little changed at 7.82 per cent for the week ended May 10 in the face of surging international crude oil prices, even as the government battles the menace on various fronts.
The rate of rising prices was much higher at over eight per cent even as of March 15, a period for which the government now released final inflation figures.
According to the updated figure, inflation stood at 8.02 per cent for the week ended March 15 against the provisional 6.68 per cent.
The inflation was 7.82 per cent for the week ended May 10 as compared to 7.83 per cent for the previous week, said the official figures released today. During the corresponding week a year ago, the inflation stood at 5.62 per cent.
Amid speculation of rise in prices of petroleum products, inflation is likely to remain high for the next 3-4 months, while the Reserve Bank and government may have to take additional monetary and fiscal measures, said analysts.
"As it stands now, for another 3-4 months inflation will remain high even though it would show a tendency to decline at around 6 per cent. Inflation may reach even 5.5 per cent by end of this fiscal," PM's Economic Advisory Council Chairman C Rangarajan told reporters.
Industrial fuel prices, which are linked to international crude oil prices that crossed USD 135 a barrel, rose with aviation turbine fuel rates alone surging by 10 per cent. Fuel, power, light and lubricants index as a whole went up by 0.1 per cent during the week under review.
The only relief to the government was that prices of fruits, vegetables and pulses began declining and the prices of steel and cement remained static. Fruit prices declined by 0.4 per cent, vegetables by 3.2 per cent and pulses by 0.7 per cent during the
The rate of rising prices was much higher at over eight per cent even as of March 15, a period for which the government now released final inflation figures.
According to the updated figure, inflation stood at 8.02 per cent for the week ended March 15 against the provisional 6.68 per cent.
The inflation was 7.82 per cent for the week ended May 10 as compared to 7.83 per cent for the previous week, said the official figures released today. During the corresponding week a year ago, the inflation stood at 5.62 per cent.
Amid speculation of rise in prices of petroleum products, inflation is likely to remain high for the next 3-4 months, while the Reserve Bank and government may have to take additional monetary and fiscal measures, said analysts.
"As it stands now, for another 3-4 months inflation will remain high even though it would show a tendency to decline at around 6 per cent. Inflation may reach even 5.5 per cent by end of this fiscal," PM's Economic Advisory Council Chairman C Rangarajan told reporters.
Industrial fuel prices, which are linked to international crude oil prices that crossed USD 135 a barrel, rose with aviation turbine fuel rates alone surging by 10 per cent. Fuel, power, light and lubricants index as a whole went up by 0.1 per cent during the week under review.
The only relief to the government was that prices of fruits, vegetables and pulses began declining and the prices of steel and cement remained static. Fruit prices declined by 0.4 per cent, vegetables by 3.2 per cent and pulses by 0.7 per cent during the
KALIYUGI FATHER
NEW DELHI: Dr Rajesh Talwar and Dr Nupur Talwar have been arrested in connection with the murder of their daughter, 14-year-old Aarushi. ( Watch )
Revealing the modus operandi of the murder, police said Rajesh Talwar first banged Aarushi's head against the wall and thereafter cut her vocal chords and jugular vein. Nupur has been arrested for abetting the crime.
The weapon used for the murder, a surgical blade, has been reportedly found in Haridwar .
Talwar, who was arrested a few hours ago, reportedly broke down and confessed to the crime after intensive questioning by the police late on Thursday night.
An accomplice in the case, Dr Anita Durrani, has been detained, police said.
Dr Rajesh Talwar and Dr Anita shared the same clinic premises.
Police is scheduled to address the media with case details at 4pm.
Revealing the modus operandi of the murder, police said Rajesh Talwar first banged Aarushi's head against the wall and thereafter cut her vocal chords and jugular vein. Nupur has been arrested for abetting the crime.
The weapon used for the murder, a surgical blade, has been reportedly found in Haridwar .
Talwar, who was arrested a few hours ago, reportedly broke down and confessed to the crime after intensive questioning by the police late on Thursday night.
An accomplice in the case, Dr Anita Durrani, has been detained, police said.
Dr Rajesh Talwar and Dr Anita shared the same clinic premises.
Police is scheduled to address the media with case details at 4pm.
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