Air pollution becomes acute in Calcutta during winter. Pollutants cannot disperse easily, mainly due to inversion, low wind speed and high congestion. Although Calcutta is known to be one of the world's most polluted cities; available data on pollutant pollution are scanty. So far, data on suspended particulate matter (SPM), SO2, NOx in Calcutta for a couple of years are available. Relatively small amounts of data are available on other parameters like CO, benzene soluble organic matter (BSOM), heavy metals, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Almost no data are available on benzene-toluene-xylene (BTX), organolead, heavy metals in inhalable particulate matter (IPM) and acidity of moisture.
Samples were collected from five important street crossings in the core city. The average SPM (Suspended Particulate Mater) concentrations during the winter in 1992, 1993 and 1994 were 982 µg/m3, 1007 µg/m3 and 1181 µg/m3 respectively. High SPM in the city air also showed high BSOM (Benzene Soluble Organic Mater). High BSOM was associated with high value of PAH (Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons). Twelve PAH compounds were identified and quantified in the city air and some of them are suspected carcinogen. Among the ten heavy metals determined, lead concentration in SPM during winter for Calcutta was high in comparison to other cities of the world. The total organolead concentrations in ambient air were measured and indicated high value of organolead in the city air. The average organolead concentration for 1992, 1993 and 1994 were 303 ng/m3, 299 µg/m3 and 296 µg/m3 respectively. Concentrations of benzene, toluene and xylene were found to be much higher than in other studies elsewhere in the world. The average benzene concentration during winter in 1992, 1994 and 1996 were 1000 µg/m3, 708 µg/m3 and 491 µg/m3 respectively. Various factors like use of kerosene, coal as cooking fuel, coal in use by power plants surrounding the city, large number of cars, poor quality of fuel, bad condition of the city streets, small road area compared to the total city area, high population density, miserable slum conditions of habitation and overall poor socio-economic status of city dwellers are together responsible for the serious air pollution in the city [Chakraborti et al,Current Science, 75(2),123138, 1998].
WHO (World Health Organization) has estimated that the majority of five million children that die from diarrheal diseases in developing world are poor urban families [World Resource Institute (1996
Wednesday, June 17, 2009
Status of groundwater arsenic contamination in the state of West Bengal, India: A 20-year study report
The 20-year study report on status of groundwater arsenic contamination in West Bengal by Jadavpur University, based on the analysis of water samples from tube wells in all 19 districts of West Bengal. Groundwater in nine highly affected districts had arsenic at concentrations of 300 lg/L and above.
Since 1988 we have analyzed 140 150 water samples from tube wells in all 19 districts of West Bengal for arsenic; 48.1% had arsenic above 10 g/L (WHO guideline value), 23.8% above 50 g/L (Indian Standard) and 3.3% above 300 g/L (concentration predicting overt arsenical skin lesions). Based on arsenic concentrations we have classified West Bengal into three zones: highly affected (9 districts mainly in eastern side of Bhagirathi River), mildly affected (5 districts in northern part) and unaffected (5 districts in western part). The estimated number of tube wells in 8 of the highly affected districts is 1.3 million, and estimated population drinking arsenic contaminated water above 10 and 50 g/L were 9.5 and 4.2 million, respectively. In West Bengal alone, 26 million people are potentially at risk from drinking arsenic-contaminated water (above 10 g/L). Studying information for water from different depths from 107 253 tube wells, we noted that arsenic concentration decreased with increasing depth. Measured arsenic concentration in two tube wells in Kolkata for 325 and 51 days during 2002-2005, showed 15% oscillatory movement without any long-term trend. Regional variability is dependent on sub-surface geology. In the arsenic-affected flood plain of the river Ganga, the crisis is not having too little water to satisfy our needs, it is the crisis of managing the water.
Since 1988 we have analyzed 140 150 water samples from tube wells in all 19 districts of West Bengal for arsenic; 48.1% had arsenic above 10 g/L (WHO guideline value), 23.8% above 50 g/L (Indian Standard) and 3.3% above 300 g/L (concentration predicting overt arsenical skin lesions). Based on arsenic concentrations we have classified West Bengal into three zones: highly affected (9 districts mainly in eastern side of Bhagirathi River), mildly affected (5 districts in northern part) and unaffected (5 districts in western part). The estimated number of tube wells in 8 of the highly affected districts is 1.3 million, and estimated population drinking arsenic contaminated water above 10 and 50 g/L were 9.5 and 4.2 million, respectively. In West Bengal alone, 26 million people are potentially at risk from drinking arsenic-contaminated water (above 10 g/L). Studying information for water from different depths from 107 253 tube wells, we noted that arsenic concentration decreased with increasing depth. Measured arsenic concentration in two tube wells in Kolkata for 325 and 51 days during 2002-2005, showed 15% oscillatory movement without any long-term trend. Regional variability is dependent on sub-surface geology. In the arsenic-affected flood plain of the river Ganga, the crisis is not having too little water to satisfy our needs, it is the crisis of managing the water.
Bangladesh and China top U.N. disaster risk index
Asian countries led by Bangladesh and China dominated an index produced on Monday by the United Nations that estimates which populations are most at risk from earthquakes, floods, cyclones and lanThe Mortality Risk Index was issued by the U.N. International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) before a four-day meeting of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction opening on Tuesday at which 1,800 officials and experts will examine natural catastrophes.
"There literally are no countries in the world that are not potentially affected by hazards," UNISDR chief Margareta Wahlstrom told a news conference. Wahlstrom said countries that were not major risks now could be in the future as climate change affects weather and sea levels.
The index, measuring where people are most likely to die in a disaster, looks at hazard -- the risk that the disaster will occur, but also exposure and vulnerability, which reflect how countries cope.
For instance vulnerability to earthquakes takes into account the rapidity of urban growth. Other factors would include hospitals and other infrastructure.
IMPACT OF DISASTERS
Wahlstrom said the index showed that countries could reduce the impact of disasters. For instance Japan has the highest exposure to cyclones but ranks as only a medium risk for the category because of civil defense and other mitigation measures.
"Our message is: you don't have to be defeated, because you have a choice," she said.
Four countries with big populations -- Bangladesh, China, India and Indonesia -- are in the extreme category for average number of people at risk in absolute terms.
But when the index is weighted for population the list is headed by Colombia, with a number of small nations such as Comoros, Dominica, Vanuatu and Fiji also high up.
A "multi" index averages these two to reflect both perspectives.
The index throws up some strange neighbors, with the United States, Haiti and Ethiopia all categorized as "medium high" risks overall. The United States is exposed to both earthquakes and cyclones, and as Hurricane Katrina showed, large groups of poor people in the United States are vulnerable to disasters
UNISDR Scientific Adviser Pascal Peduzzi said the one weakness of the index was that it excluded droughts, because their impact was often linked more to civil unrest or conflict than weather or other natural factors.
If drought were included, many African countries would be much higher in the index, he said.
The index draws on data from 1977 to 2007 for earthquakes and cyclones, and scientific modeling for other categories.
dslides
"There literally are no countries in the world that are not potentially affected by hazards," UNISDR chief Margareta Wahlstrom told a news conference. Wahlstrom said countries that were not major risks now could be in the future as climate change affects weather and sea levels.
The index, measuring where people are most likely to die in a disaster, looks at hazard -- the risk that the disaster will occur, but also exposure and vulnerability, which reflect how countries cope.
For instance vulnerability to earthquakes takes into account the rapidity of urban growth. Other factors would include hospitals and other infrastructure.
IMPACT OF DISASTERS
Wahlstrom said the index showed that countries could reduce the impact of disasters. For instance Japan has the highest exposure to cyclones but ranks as only a medium risk for the category because of civil defense and other mitigation measures.
"Our message is: you don't have to be defeated, because you have a choice," she said.
Four countries with big populations -- Bangladesh, China, India and Indonesia -- are in the extreme category for average number of people at risk in absolute terms.
But when the index is weighted for population the list is headed by Colombia, with a number of small nations such as Comoros, Dominica, Vanuatu and Fiji also high up.
A "multi" index averages these two to reflect both perspectives.
The index throws up some strange neighbors, with the United States, Haiti and Ethiopia all categorized as "medium high" risks overall. The United States is exposed to both earthquakes and cyclones, and as Hurricane Katrina showed, large groups of poor people in the United States are vulnerable to disasters
UNISDR Scientific Adviser Pascal Peduzzi said the one weakness of the index was that it excluded droughts, because their impact was often linked more to civil unrest or conflict than weather or other natural factors.
If drought were included, many African countries would be much higher in the index, he said.
The index draws on data from 1977 to 2007 for earthquakes and cyclones, and scientific modeling for other categories.
dslides
U.S. faces security threat from climate change: Kerry
Global warming threatens U.S. security by leaving important military hubs vulnerable to rising seas and possibly fomenting anti-American sentiment, U.S. Sen. John Kerry said on Monday. Skip related content
There is "scarcely an instrument of U.S. foreign policy" that was not vulnerable to climate change, which scientists say will raise sea levels by melting glaciers and ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica, Kerry, a Democrat, said at a Council on Foreign Relations meeting.
U.S. military hubs that could be harmed by rising seas include the island Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean, a center for military operations across the Middle East, and Norfolk, Virginia, home to the U.S. Atlantic Fleet.
Kerry said the piers at Norfolk may have to be completely rebuilt if seas rise significantly since they are cemented to the sea floor. The problem was surmountable, but could be "expensive, complicated and perhaps (would even have an impact on) readiness," he said.
The senator's comments came as the U.S. Congress mulls a climate bill that aims to cut emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. The legislation would cut emissions by less than many developing countries want.
Many poor countries want industrialized countries to take deep action on reducing emissions because they enjoyed nearly two centuries of freely doing so during the rise to modernization.
Kerry, the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, said it was "not hard to see" that U.S. inaction on climate change could crystallize anti-American resentment. That was most likely in poor countries across South Asia and Africa that are most vulnerable to climate change's expected floods, heat waves, and droughts, that are also the nations least able to do anything about climate change.
Droughts and desertification from climate change could hit hardest in South Asia, home to what Kerry called "the center of our terrorist threat."
The climate bill is expected to go to a vote in the House this summer. Its future in the Senate is uncertain.
There is "scarcely an instrument of U.S. foreign policy" that was not vulnerable to climate change, which scientists say will raise sea levels by melting glaciers and ice sheets on Greenland and Antarctica, Kerry, a Democrat, said at a Council on Foreign Relations meeting.
U.S. military hubs that could be harmed by rising seas include the island Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean, a center for military operations across the Middle East, and Norfolk, Virginia, home to the U.S. Atlantic Fleet.
Kerry said the piers at Norfolk may have to be completely rebuilt if seas rise significantly since they are cemented to the sea floor. The problem was surmountable, but could be "expensive, complicated and perhaps (would even have an impact on) readiness," he said.
The senator's comments came as the U.S. Congress mulls a climate bill that aims to cut emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. The legislation would cut emissions by less than many developing countries want.
Many poor countries want industrialized countries to take deep action on reducing emissions because they enjoyed nearly two centuries of freely doing so during the rise to modernization.
Kerry, the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, said it was "not hard to see" that U.S. inaction on climate change could crystallize anti-American resentment. That was most likely in poor countries across South Asia and Africa that are most vulnerable to climate change's expected floods, heat waves, and droughts, that are also the nations least able to do anything about climate change.
Droughts and desertification from climate change could hit hardest in South Asia, home to what Kerry called "the center of our terrorist threat."
The climate bill is expected to go to a vote in the House this summer. Its future in the Senate is uncertain.
Flashing night sky was 'meteor shower'
Ominous green lights that flashed across the skies of the English Channel have been put down to a meteor shower, according tCalls flooded in to authorities on Monday night from Hampshire to Devon and across to Jersey and France, with people saying they were seeing white and green flares in the sky.
A Solent Coastguard spokesman said: "There were reports of flares all down the coast which went on for about half an hour but there was a forecast for a meteor shower."
Meteor showers are caused by debris from a comet burning up in the Earth's atmosphere.
This can produce shooting stars across the night sky, particularly visible on clear nights, which was the case over southern England on that night.
Solent Coastguard said it could have been one of three showers forecast - the June Lyrids, the Ophruchids or the Zeta Pearseids.
o coastguards
A Solent Coastguard spokesman said: "There were reports of flares all down the coast which went on for about half an hour but there was a forecast for a meteor shower."
Meteor showers are caused by debris from a comet burning up in the Earth's atmosphere.
This can produce shooting stars across the night sky, particularly visible on clear nights, which was the case over southern England on that night.
Solent Coastguard said it could have been one of three showers forecast - the June Lyrids, the Ophruchids or the Zeta Pearseids.
o coastguards
Scientist Denounces TV Ads for Deliberately Misleading Public on Global Warming
A senior scientist whose research is being cited in television ads that challenge the reality of global warming has denounced the ads as a “deliberate effort to confuse and mislead the public” and says the group that produced the ads is misrepresenting his work to support its false claims.
The Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI), a Washington D.C.-based nonprofit public policy that is partially funded by large oil companies, is running a series of national television advertisements claiming that warnings about global warming are “alarmist.” The ads were timed to coincide with theatrical release of An Inconvenient Truth, a documentary film starring former U.S. Vice President Al Gore that provides scientific evidence of global warming and urges people to take action to help reduce it.
Ads Misrepresent Research Results
To bolster its claims, CEI references scientific research that supposedly refutes the large body of science that supports global warming. Among the scientific work cited by CEI is research conducted in the Antarctic by Curt Davis, director of the Center for Geospatial Intelligence at the University of Missouri-Columbia. (View the ads.)
According to the ads, Davis’ work shows that global warming is not causing ice sheets to shrink, but Davis has issued a statement saying that CEI is misrepresenting his research for its own purposes, and a senior editor at the journal Science (which published Davis’ research) backs him up.
"These television ads are a deliberate effort to confuse and mislead the public about the global warming debate," Davis said. "They are selectively using only parts of my previous research to support their claims. They are not telling the entire story to the public."
"The text of the CEI ad misrepresents the conclusions of the two cited Science papers and our current state of knowledge by selective referencing," said Dr. Brooks Hanson, deputy editor, physical sciences, Science.
Scientific Consensus on Global Warming
Prior to Davis' 2005 study, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said that if global warming were occurring, increased precipitation in Antarctica's interior would likely result. In his study, Davis reported growth in the interior East Antarctica ice mass. He said this growth was probably caused by an increase in precipitation, and made it clear in his study that growth of the interior ice sheet is “a predicted consequence of global warming.” Davis said his study did not include the coastal areas of Antarctica, which are known to be losing mass at a rate that could easily offset or outweigh increases in the interior areas.
"On one of those ads, they [CEI] chose to use the result I published last year to basically say the ice sheets are growing and not shrinking," Davis said in an interview with the Columbia Daily Tribune. "It’s a blatant misuse of our result to create confusion where confusion does not exist."
"Our result is specific to one part of the ice sheet," Davis said. "You can’t use that to say the whole continent is growing. It’s undisputed in the scientific community that global warming is occurring.”
In an interview with The Independent, a British news publication, Davis was asked if he doubted the evidence of global warming. He replied: "Personally, I have no doubts whatsoever."
Oil Industry-Backed Group Known for Misleading Information
Environmentalists have repeatedly accused the CEI of producing misleading information about global warming and the degree to which human activity, including the increased use of fossil fuels, contributes to climate change. In reality, there is a broad scientific consensus that the planet is warming rapidly and that human activity plays a significant role in causing global warming.
David Doniger, the climate policy director with the Natural Resources Defense Council, told The Independent that climate change skeptics do not even represent "the minority...they're the fringe.”
"It's the same as with tobacco,” Doniger said. “To claim that fossil fuel emissions don't cause global warming is like saying cigarettes don't cause cancer."
Ads Claim to Counter “Lopsided Press Coverage”
The Competitive Enterprise Institute defended the ads and dismissed scientist Curt Davis' claim that the ads misrepresented his research.
Myron Ebell, CEI's director of global warming policy, agrees the public is being misled, but he blames it on “global warming alarmism” and “lopsided press coverage of glacial melting as a worldwide catastrophe.” Ebell says the media chooses to report only the research that supports the evidence of climate change and ignores scientific studies that question it.
"There is no consensus about the extent of the warming or the consequences," Ebell said.
But Ebell’s comments read like just one more CEI attempt to spin fact out of fiction. In reality, any “lopsided press coverage” that occurs on global warming is largely driven by groups such as CEI, which deliberately seek to confuse the issue with misleading and inaccurate information.
Public Confused by Misleading Information
A survey by Science magazine (December 2004) of peer-reviewed scientific studies on climate change showed that 928 peer-reviewed papers supported global warming and none denied it.
In a similar sampling of stories from the mass media, 53 percent suggested that global warming is unproven, a perception driven largely by reporters including in their coverage misleading claims by groups such as CEI.
Clearly, the message people are getting doesn’t match the facts—but not in the way CEI suggests.
The Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI), a Washington D.C.-based nonprofit public policy that is partially funded by large oil companies, is running a series of national television advertisements claiming that warnings about global warming are “alarmist.” The ads were timed to coincide with theatrical release of An Inconvenient Truth, a documentary film starring former U.S. Vice President Al Gore that provides scientific evidence of global warming and urges people to take action to help reduce it.
Ads Misrepresent Research Results
To bolster its claims, CEI references scientific research that supposedly refutes the large body of science that supports global warming. Among the scientific work cited by CEI is research conducted in the Antarctic by Curt Davis, director of the Center for Geospatial Intelligence at the University of Missouri-Columbia. (View the ads.)
According to the ads, Davis’ work shows that global warming is not causing ice sheets to shrink, but Davis has issued a statement saying that CEI is misrepresenting his research for its own purposes, and a senior editor at the journal Science (which published Davis’ research) backs him up.
"These television ads are a deliberate effort to confuse and mislead the public about the global warming debate," Davis said. "They are selectively using only parts of my previous research to support their claims. They are not telling the entire story to the public."
"The text of the CEI ad misrepresents the conclusions of the two cited Science papers and our current state of knowledge by selective referencing," said Dr. Brooks Hanson, deputy editor, physical sciences, Science.
Scientific Consensus on Global Warming
Prior to Davis' 2005 study, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said that if global warming were occurring, increased precipitation in Antarctica's interior would likely result. In his study, Davis reported growth in the interior East Antarctica ice mass. He said this growth was probably caused by an increase in precipitation, and made it clear in his study that growth of the interior ice sheet is “a predicted consequence of global warming.” Davis said his study did not include the coastal areas of Antarctica, which are known to be losing mass at a rate that could easily offset or outweigh increases in the interior areas.
"On one of those ads, they [CEI] chose to use the result I published last year to basically say the ice sheets are growing and not shrinking," Davis said in an interview with the Columbia Daily Tribune. "It’s a blatant misuse of our result to create confusion where confusion does not exist."
"Our result is specific to one part of the ice sheet," Davis said. "You can’t use that to say the whole continent is growing. It’s undisputed in the scientific community that global warming is occurring.”
In an interview with The Independent, a British news publication, Davis was asked if he doubted the evidence of global warming. He replied: "Personally, I have no doubts whatsoever."
Oil Industry-Backed Group Known for Misleading Information
Environmentalists have repeatedly accused the CEI of producing misleading information about global warming and the degree to which human activity, including the increased use of fossil fuels, contributes to climate change. In reality, there is a broad scientific consensus that the planet is warming rapidly and that human activity plays a significant role in causing global warming.
David Doniger, the climate policy director with the Natural Resources Defense Council, told The Independent that climate change skeptics do not even represent "the minority...they're the fringe.”
"It's the same as with tobacco,” Doniger said. “To claim that fossil fuel emissions don't cause global warming is like saying cigarettes don't cause cancer."
Ads Claim to Counter “Lopsided Press Coverage”
The Competitive Enterprise Institute defended the ads and dismissed scientist Curt Davis' claim that the ads misrepresented his research.
Myron Ebell, CEI's director of global warming policy, agrees the public is being misled, but he blames it on “global warming alarmism” and “lopsided press coverage of glacial melting as a worldwide catastrophe.” Ebell says the media chooses to report only the research that supports the evidence of climate change and ignores scientific studies that question it.
"There is no consensus about the extent of the warming or the consequences," Ebell said.
But Ebell’s comments read like just one more CEI attempt to spin fact out of fiction. In reality, any “lopsided press coverage” that occurs on global warming is largely driven by groups such as CEI, which deliberately seek to confuse the issue with misleading and inaccurate information.
Public Confused by Misleading Information
A survey by Science magazine (December 2004) of peer-reviewed scientific studies on climate change showed that 928 peer-reviewed papers supported global warming and none denied it.
In a similar sampling of stories from the mass media, 53 percent suggested that global warming is unproven, a perception driven largely by reporters including in their coverage misleading claims by groups such as CEI.
Clearly, the message people are getting doesn’t match the facts—but not in the way CEI suggests.
Climate Change:Impacts and Solutions
Climate change is considered by many scientists to be the most serious threat facing the world today. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement to cut greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change. Solutions include phasing out coal plants, expanding renewable energy sources and public transit, and creating new efficiency standards for vehicles and buildings. Find out what you can do to help make a difference!
What's new
The deadline for completing negotiations and agreeing upon a framework to fight climate change is a conference in Copenhagen this December. Bridging the Divide lays out the reasons why Canada is a barrier to a strong Copenhagen agreement—much more so than China or other developing countries—and what our government can do to change that.
A recent Science Matters article discusses B.C.'s renewable energy future including run-of-river hydro projects.
How will climate change impact the future of winter sports? Download On Thin Ice, a report examining how the decisions we make now will ultimately affect the future of winter sports and the role they play in Canada's identity, natural heritage, and economy.
Find out how your business can save the climate - and improve its bottom line. Download Doing Business in a New Climate, a how-to guide to help businesses and other organizations measure, reduce, and offset their greenhouse gas emissions.
For the David Suzuki Foundation's recommendations on holding a carbon neutral winter games in 2010, check out Meeting the Challenge.
Our take on Carbon Pricing (PDF 51 KB)
Find out what NHL players are doing about Global Warming
Go Carbon Neutral. Learn how you can take responsibility for your impact on the climate.
Leading athletes 'Play It Cool' to stop global warming. Find out more...
Projects: Some of the climate change initiatives the Foundation is involved in.
Science: The scientific consensus is clear: human-caused climate change is happening.
Impacts: Wildlife, human health and economies worldwide are threatened by climate change.
Kyoto Protocol: A crucial first step toward addressing climate change.
Energy: Learn about the advantages of renewable energy, conservation & efficiency over fossil fuels and nuclear power.
Solutions: Practical and cost-effective solutions to climate change are already available in many industrial sectors
What You Can Do: Simple changes in our everyday lives can make a big difference.
Publications: Download and read our latest reports on climate change, the Kyoto Protocol, and more.
Links: Additional resources on climate change and energy
What's new
The deadline for completing negotiations and agreeing upon a framework to fight climate change is a conference in Copenhagen this December. Bridging the Divide lays out the reasons why Canada is a barrier to a strong Copenhagen agreement—much more so than China or other developing countries—and what our government can do to change that.
A recent Science Matters article discusses B.C.'s renewable energy future including run-of-river hydro projects.
How will climate change impact the future of winter sports? Download On Thin Ice, a report examining how the decisions we make now will ultimately affect the future of winter sports and the role they play in Canada's identity, natural heritage, and economy.
Find out how your business can save the climate - and improve its bottom line. Download Doing Business in a New Climate, a how-to guide to help businesses and other organizations measure, reduce, and offset their greenhouse gas emissions.
For the David Suzuki Foundation's recommendations on holding a carbon neutral winter games in 2010, check out Meeting the Challenge.
Our take on Carbon Pricing (PDF 51 KB)
Find out what NHL players are doing about Global Warming
Go Carbon Neutral. Learn how you can take responsibility for your impact on the climate.
Leading athletes 'Play It Cool' to stop global warming. Find out more...
Projects: Some of the climate change initiatives the Foundation is involved in.
Science: The scientific consensus is clear: human-caused climate change is happening.
Impacts: Wildlife, human health and economies worldwide are threatened by climate change.
Kyoto Protocol: A crucial first step toward addressing climate change.
Energy: Learn about the advantages of renewable energy, conservation & efficiency over fossil fuels and nuclear power.
Solutions: Practical and cost-effective solutions to climate change are already available in many industrial sectors
What You Can Do: Simple changes in our everyday lives can make a big difference.
Publications: Download and read our latest reports on climate change, the Kyoto Protocol, and more.
Links: Additional resources on climate change and energy
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